Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer (YPB-001).

OBJECTIVES: The present multicenter prospective observational study investigated the effectiveness and safety of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) and those with RPC contacting major vessels, with respect to a historical control of upfront surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with BRPC and RPC contacting major vessels were prospectively registered and administered NAC with durations and regimens determined by the corresponding treating physician. Our primary aim was to assess the R0 resection rate, and secondary aim was to evaluate safety, resection rate, time to treatment failure, overall survival, and response rate. RESULTS: Fifty of 52 enrolled patients were analyzed; 2 with serious comorbidities died during treatment. Thirty-one patients underwent resection, with R0 resection being achieved in 26 (52% of total and 84% of all resected cases). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated age (≥75 years) as the only independent predictor of nonresection. Median progression-free survival and median survival time were longer in the prospective cohort than in the historical cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, NAC for BRPC in real-world setting might yield R0 resection rates similar to those reported in previous clinical studies. Development of safe regimens and management strategies that can maintain treatment intensity in geriatric patients is warranted.

Effect of Paxillin Expression and Phosphorylation on Colorectal Cancer Prognosis and Metastasis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, and metastasis is strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients with CRC. We have previously found that the expression and phosphorylation of paxillin (PXN) play an important role in the metastatic potential of breast cancer. This study examined the potential role of PXN in CRC metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Resected tumor specimens from 92 patients with CRC were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of PXN levels. Three human CRC cell lines, HCT116, LoVo, and SW480 were used for scratch and transwell invasion assays to examine the effects of PXN over-expression. RNA sequencing was performed to obtain the expression profiles under PXN over-expression. RESULTS: High levels of PXN were significantly correlated with advanced stage, higher carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels, and poorer overall survival. The migration ability of CRC cells was enhanced by exogenous PXN over-expression, but this enhancement was not observed in cells harboring exogenously mutated PXN at Tyr31 or Tyr88 phosphorylation sites. In PXN-over-expressing cells, TNF-α signaling via NF-[Formula: see text]B was positively enriched. CONCLUSION: PXN expression and phosphorylation at Tyr31 or Tyr88 may influence the migration and invasion of CRC cells. PXN expression and phosphorylation at Tyr31 or Tyr88 are promising targets for evaluating prognosis and treating CRC.

Effects of Extended Fixation on Advanced Gastric Cancer HER2 Status Assessment Using IHC and FISH.

BACKGROUND/AIM: In gastric cancer, accurate determination of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) status is crucial for treatment decision-making. However, the optimal formalin fixation time of gastric cancer specimens for HER2 status determination remains unestablished. Here, we investigated real-world data on formalin overfixation and its effect on HER2 status determination in gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We comprehensively analyzed HER2 testing results in 228 gastric cancer specimens, including those subjected to formalin overfixation. Subsequently, we divided 52 resected specimens of advanced gastric cancer into three groups and studied the effects of short-term (6-72 h) and long-term (1 and 2 weeks) fixation on HER2 status determination using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS: A total of 21.5% (49/228) of the specimens were HER2-positive, whereas 78.5% (179/228) were negative. Among the HER2-negative specimens, no biopsies were overfixed, whereas 12.5% (9/72) of the surgical resection specimens were overfixed. The HER2 status of the 6-72-h group was 82.7% and 76.9% identical to that of the 1- and 2-week groups, when determined using IHC, and 73.1% and 36.5%, when determined using FISH, respectively. However, HER2 determination was not feasible in 26.9% and 63.5% of the specimens in the 1- and 2-week groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: Formalin overfixation may hinder the determination of HER2 status and should be avoided in gastric cancer sample preparation.

High serum proteinase-3 levels predict poor progression-free survival and lower efficacy of bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: To improve the prognosis of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), investigating predictive biomarkers of their prognosis and chemotherapeutic responsiveness is necessary. This study aimed to analyze the clinical significance of serum proteinase-3 (PRTN3) as a predictor for prognosis and chemosensitivity, especially to bevacizumab therapy, in mCRC. METHODS: This single-center retrospective observational study enrolled 79 patients with mCRC in our hospital and 353 patients with colorectal cancer in the TCGA database. Preoperative serum PRTN3 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis according to serum PRTN3 levels were then evaluated. PRTN3 expression in tumor and stromal cells was evaluated immunohistochemically. The impact of PRTN3 levels on angiogenesis and bevacizumab sensitivity was evaluated using the tube formation assay. RESULTS: Serum PRTN3 levels were an independent poor prognostic factor for progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio, 2.082; 95% confidence interval, 1.118-3.647; P=0.010) in patients with mCRC. Similarly, prognostic analysis with TCGA data sets showed poorer overall survival in patients with PRTN3 expression than that in patients without PRTN3 expression, especially in patients with stage IV. Immunohistochemical analysis of resected specimens revealed that stromal neutrophils expressed PRTN3, and their expression level was significantly correlated with serum PRTN3 levels. Interestingly, the effectiveness of first-line chemotherapy was significantly poorer in the high serum PRTN3 level group. High serum PRTN3 was significantly associated with poor PFS (hazard ratio, 3.027; 95% confidence interval, 1.175-7.793; P=0.0161) in patients treated with bevacizumab, an anti-angiogenic inhibitor. The tube formation assay revealed that PRTN3 administration notably augmented angiogenesis while simultaneously attenuating the anti-angiogenic influence exerted by bevacizumab therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Serum PRTN3 levels could be a novel predictive biomarker of PFS of first-line chemotherapy, especially for bevacizumab therapy, in patients with mCRC.

Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy: A novel technique with splenic artery resection and splenic vein preservation.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (LSDP) is widely performed to treat benign and low-grade malignant diseases. Although preservation of splenic vessels may be desirable considering the risk of postoperative complications, it is sometimes difficult due to tumor size, inflammation, and proximity of the tumor and splenic vessels. Herein, we present the first case of LSDP with splenic artery resection and splenic vein preservation. MATERIALS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: A 40-year-old woman with a pancreatic tumor was referred to our hospital. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a tumor in the pancreatic tail that was in contact with the splenic artery and distant from the splenic vein. The splenic artery and vein were separated from the pancreas near the dissection line. The splenic artery was resected after pancreatic dissection using a linear stapler. After the pancreatic tail was separated from the splenic hilum while preserving the splenic vein, the distal side of the splenic artery was resected, and the specimen was removed. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on postoperative Day 9. Four months after surgery, postoperative follow-up CT findings showed neither splenic infarction nor gastric varices. DISCUSSION: This technique is an alternative method of splenic preservation when there is no attachment of the tumor to the splenic vein or uncontrolled expected bleeding of the splenic artery using the Kimura technique.

Treatments and prognostic factors for bone and soft tissue sarcoma in non-urban areas in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Although bone and soft tissue sarcoma is recognized as a rare cancer that originates throughout the body, few comprehensive reports regarding it have been published in Japan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Bone and soft tissue sarcomas were tabulated from the Cancer Registries at eight university hospitals in the Chugoku-Shikoku region. Prognostic factors in cases were extracted in a single facility and have been analyzed. RESULTS: From 2016 to 2019, 3.4 patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas per a general population of 100,000 were treated at eight university hospitals. The number of patients who underwent multidisciplinary treatment involving collaboration among multiple clinical departments has been increasing recently. In the analysis carried out at a single institute (Ehime University Hospital), a total of 127 patients (male/female: 54/73) with an average age of 67.0 y (median 69.5) were treated for four years, with a 5-year survival rate of 55.0%. In the analysis of prognostic factors by multivariate, disease stage and its relative treatment, renal function (creatinine), and a patient's ability of self-judgment, and a patient's mobility and physical capability were associated with patient prognosis regarding bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Interestingly, age did not affect the patient's prognosis (> 70 vs ≦ 70). CONCLUSIONS: Physical and social factors may affect the prognosis of patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas, especially those living in non-urban areas.

Current status of vaccine immunotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers.

Recent advances in tumor immunology and molecular drug development have ushered in a new era of cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has shown promising results for several types of tumors, such as advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancers, and refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. Similarly, efforts have been made to develop immunotherapies such as adoptive T-cell transplantation, peptide vaccines, and dendritic cell vaccines, specifically for gastrointestinal tumors. However, before the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy did not work as well as expected. In this article, we review immunotherapy, focusing on cancer vaccines for gastrointestinal tumors, which generally target eliciting tumor-specific CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We also review various vaccine therapies and describe the relationship between vaccines and adjuvants. Finally, we discuss prospects for the combination of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

The tumor immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer and its potential in the identification of immunotherapy biomarkers.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer (PC) has an extremely poor prognosis, even with surgical resection and triplet chemotherapy treatment. Cancer immunotherapy has been recently approved for tumor-agnostic treatment with genome analysis, including in PC. However, it has limited efficacy. AREAS COVERED: In addition to the low tumor mutation burden, one of the difficulties of immunotherapy in PC is the presence of abundant stromal cells in its microenvironment. Among stromal cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a major role in immunotherapy resistance, and CAF-targeted therapies are currently under development, including those in combination with immunotherapies. Meanwhile, microbiomes and tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) have been shown to alter the behavior of distant receptor cells in PC. This review discusses the role of CAFs, microbiomes, and TDEs in PC tumor immunity. EXPERT OPINION: Elucidating the mechanisms by which CAFs, microbiomes, and TDEs are involved in the tumorigenesis of PC will be helpful for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies and identifying companion biomarkers for immunotherapy. Spatial single-cell analysis of the tumor microenvironment will be useful for identifying biomarkers of PC immunity. Furthermore, given the complexity of immune mechanisms, artificial intelligence models will be beneficial for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Efficacy of Staging Laparoscopy in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer: A Single Center Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Staging laparoscopy (SL) for pancreatic cancer (PC) is considered useful to improve accuracy of staging and resectability. However, given the current accuracy of preoperative imaging, the routine application of SL remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the importance of SL in patients with PC without radiological distant metastasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, cohort, observational study. SL was performed in all patients with PC without radiological distant metastasis before pancreatectomy or chemotherapy at the Yamaguchi University Hospital. RESULTS: Between July 2020 and March 2023, 55 patients underwent SL with peritoneal cytology. The median age was 71, with 53% male patients. SL revealed occult metastasis in six (11%) patients including positive peritoneal cytology (n=6), and peritoneal dissemination (n=1). The resectability of unresectable locally advanced (UR-LA) was associated with a significantly increased risk of occult metastasis (p=0.0211). The median operative time was 40 min, and the median volume of blood loss was 3 ml. There were no severe complications (Clavien-Dindo III or higher). CONCLUSION: SL with peritoneal cytology regardless of previous abdominal surgery is safe and effective to determine accurate staging. Therefore, SL with peritoneal cytology should be considered for patients with PC without radiological distant metastasis, especially in those with UR-LA.

A novel prediction model of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy using only preoperative markers.

BACKGROUND: Since clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF) can cause intra-abdominal hemorrhage and abscesses, leading to surgery-related deaths after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), its preoperative prediction is important to develop strategies for surgical procedures and perioperative management. This study aimed to establish a novel prediction model for CR-POPF using preoperative markers. METHODS: On a training set of 180 patients who underwent PD at the Yamaguchi University Hospital, a combination of CR-POPF predictors were explored using the leave-one-out method with a unique discrete Bayes classifier. This predictive model was confirmed using a validation set of 366 patients who underwent PD at the Osaka University Hospital. RESULTS: In the training set, CR-POPF occurred in 60 (33%)　of 180 patients and 130 (36%)　of 366 patients in the validation set using selected markers. In patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the main pancreatic duct (MPD) index showed the highest prognostic performance and could differentiate CR-POPF with 87% sensitivity and 81% specificity among 84 patients in the training set. In the validation set, the sensitivity and specificity of the MPD index-based model for 130 PDAC samples were 93% and 87%, respectively. In patients with non-PDAC, the MPD index/body mass index (BMI) combination showed the highest prognostic performance and could differentiate CR-POPF with 84% sensitivity and 57% specificity among 96 patients in the training set. In the validation set, the sensitivity and specificity of the MPD index/BMI-based model for 236 non-PDAC samples were 85% and 53%, respectively. CONCLUSION: We developed a novel prediction model for pancreatic fistulas after PD using only preoperative markers. The MPD index and MPD index/BMI combination will be useful for CR-POPF assessment in PDAC and non-PDAC samples, respectively.

Current progress in perioperative chemotherapy for biliary tract cancer.

Biliary tract cancer (BTCs) is a heterogeneous malignancy divided into cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, and ampullary cancer. Due to little or no symptoms, most patients with BTCs are diagnosed with unresectable or metastatic disease. Only 20%-30% of all BTCs are suitable for potentially resectable diseases. Although radical resection with a negative surgical margin is the only potentially curative method for BTCs, most patients develop postoperative recurrence, which is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, perioperative treatment is necessary to improve survival. There are very few randomized phase III clinical trials of perioperative chemotherapy due to the relative rarity of BTCs. Adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 for patients with resected BTC significantly increased overall survival compared with upfront surgery in a recent ASCOT trial. In East Asia, S-1 is currently considered the standard adjuvant chemotherapy, while capecitabine may still be used in other areas. Since then, our phase III trial (KHBO1401), gemcitabine and cisplatin plus S-1 (GCS) has become the standard chemotherapy for advanced BTCs. GCS not only improved overall survival but demonstrated a high response rate. The efficacy of GCS as a preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy for resectable BTCs has been investigated in a randomized phase III trial (JCOG1920) in Japan. In this review, we summarize the current and ongoing clinical trials focusing on adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for BTCs.

IL-6 Levels Correlate with Prognosis and Immunosuppressive Stromal Cells in Patients with Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is determined by tumor characteristics as well as the host immune response. This study investigated the relationship between an immunosuppressive state and patient prognosis by evaluating the systemic and tumor microenvironment (TME) interleukin (IL)-6 levels. METHODS: Preoperative serum IL-6 levels were measured using an electrochemiluminescence assay. Expression of IL-6 in tumor and stromal cells was evaluated immunohistochemically in 209 patients with resected CRC. Single-cell analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells was performed using mass cytometry in 10 additional cases. RESULTS: Elevated serum IL-6 levels were associated with elevated stromal IL-6 levels and a poor prognosis for patients with CRC. High IL-6 expression in stromal cells was associated with low-density subsets of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells as well as FOXP3+ cells. Mass cytometry analysis showed that IL-6+ cells among tumor-infiltrating immune cells were composed primarily of myeloid cells and rarely of lymphoid cells. In the high-IL-6-expression group, the percentages of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and CD4+FOXP3highCD45RA- effector regulatory T cells (eTreg) were significantly higher than in the low-IL-6-expression group. Furthermore, the proportion of IL-10+ cells in MDSCs and that of IL-10+ or CTLA-4+ cells in eTregs correlated with IL-6 levels. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum IL-6 levels were associated with stromal IL-6 levels in CRC. High IL-6 expression in tumor-infiltrating immune cells also was associated with accumulation of immunosuppressive cells in the TME.

Phase I study of a novel therapeutic vaccine as perioperative treatment for patients with surgically resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: The YCP02 trial.

AIM: Developing effective adjuvant therapies is essential for improving the surgical outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunotherapy against HCC has become a promising strategy; however, only approximately 30% of all HCC patients respond to immunotherapy. Previously, we generated the novel therapeutic vaccine comprising multi-human leukocyte antigen-binding heat shock protein 70/glypican-3 peptides with a novel adjuvant combination of hLAG-3Ig and poly-ICLC. We also confirmed the safety of this vaccination therapy, as well as its capacity for the effective induction of immune responses in a previous clinical trial. METHODS: In this phase I study, we administered this vaccine intradermally six times before surgery, and 10 times after surgery to patients with untreated, surgically resectable HCC (stage II to IVa). The primary end-points of this study were the safety and feasibility of this treatment. We also analyzed the resected tumor specimens pathologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for heat shock protein 70, glypican 3, CD8 and programmed death-1. RESULTS: A total of 20 human leukocyte antigen-matched patients received this vaccination therapy with an acceptable side-effect profile. All patients underwent planned surgery without vaccination-related delay. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that potent infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors with target antigen expression was observed in 12 of 20 (60%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: This novel therapeutic vaccine was safe as perioperative immunotherapy for patients with HCC, and has the potential to strongly induce CD8+ T cells infiltration into tumors.

Double cancer of primary hepatic angiosarcoma and hepatocellular carcinoma treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab.

AIM: Primary hepatic angiosarcoma (PHA) is extremely rare, and its imaging findings are similar to those of other liver tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we report a case of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC followed by PHA that showed remarkable clinical response to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atezo/Bev) therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 78-year-old man with recurrent HCC had a liver tumor with lymphadenopathy. Although considered as HCC recurrence, microscopic examination of the resected liver and lymph node showed PHA. Three months later, a solitary lung nodule was newly detected and subsequently resected. The pathological diagnosis was poorly differentiated HCC. Therefore, the patient was finally diagnosed with double cancer of PHA and HCC. Thereafter, he developed a new liver tumor with lymphadenopathy and received Atezo/Bev therapy. Liver tumor biopsy was carried out before the treatment. The pathological diagnosis was angiosarcoma. The patient showed a partial response after two courses of Atezo/Bev therapy. CONCLUSION: To our best knowledge, this report is the first case to present HCV-related HCC followed by PHA and to show that Atezo/Bev therapy is beneficial for PHA.

Anti-VEGF and Anti-EGFR Antibody Therapy on T-Cell Infiltration and TCR Variation in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Chemotherapy combined with anti-EGFR or anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is widely used to treat patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Here, we investigated the effects of these antibodies on T-cell infiltration and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire variation in CRC liver metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with mCRC received chemotherapy in combination with anti-EGFR (n=6) or anti-VEGF (n=4) mAb. T-cell infiltration was examined for CD3 and CD8 by carrying out immunohistochemistry on biopsy or surgical specimens from liver metastases before and after treatment. TCR repertoire analysis was carried out on specimens with post-treatment CD3+ T-cell infiltration. RESULTS: T-cell infiltrations were approximately 83% (5/6) and 50% (2/4), following treatment with anti-EGFR or anti-VEGF mAb, respectively. TCR repertoire analysis revealed higher clonality and lower diversity of TCR alpha and beta (TRA and TRB) in the anti-VEGF mAb group than that in the anti-EGFR group mAb. Furthermore, the percentage of the common TCR clones between infiltrating T cells and T cells in peripheral blood was significantly lower in the anti-VEGF mAb group compared to that in the anti-EGFR mAb group. CONCLUSION: The population of T cells infiltrating liver metastases in the anti-VEGF mAb group differed from that in the anti-EGFR mAb group.

Clinical outcomes of second­line chemotherapy after gemcitabine and cisplatin plus S­1 treatment for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer in the KHBO1401­3A study.

Since the completion of the KHBO1401 study, which evaluated the efficacy of the combination of gemcitabine (GEM) and cisplatin (GC) compared with GC plus S­1 (GCS), GCS has become a standard chemotherapy for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). However, there are currently no data revealing second­line therapy options after GCS. The present study aimed to evaluate the survival outcomes of patients receiving second­line chemotherapy for advanced BTC, refractory or intolerant to GCS, using data from the KHBO1401 study. Patients who received a second­line treatment after GCS chemotherapy between July 2014 and February 2016 were retrospectively studied. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the day of GCS treatment failure or the first day of second­line chemotherapy to the final follow­up date or until death from any cause. Among 83 patients refractory or intolerant to GCS chemotherapy, 51 (61%) received second­line chemotherapy, including GCS (n=8), GC (n=15), GEM (n=6), GEM plus S­1 (GS) (n=4) and S­1 (n=18). The 6­ and 12­month OS rates were 66.7 and 44.4%, respectively, following second­line chemotherapy, and 6.3 and 3.1%, respectively, in the best supportive care group (P<0.0001). In addition, the 12­ and 24­month OS rates were 59.3 and 36.2%, respectively, in the multidrug chemotherapy group, and 26.9 and 9.0%, respectively, in the single­agent chemotherapy group (P=0.0191). These results suggested that second­line combination chemotherapy is a viable treatment option for patients with advanced BTC that is refractory or intolerant to first­line GCS therapy.

Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine, cisplatin plus S-1 versus gemcitabine, cisplatin for advanced biliary tract cancer (KHBO1401- MITSUBA).

BACKGROUND: Gemcitabine/cisplatin (GC) combination therapy has been the standard palliative chemotherapy for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). No randomized clinical trials have been able to demonstrate the survival benefit over GC during the past decade. In our previous phase II trial, adding S-1 to GC (GCS) showed promising efficacy and we aimed to determine whether GCS could improve overall survival compared with GC for patients with advanced BTC. METHODS: We performed a mulitcenter, randomized phase III trial across 39 centers. Enrolled patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either the GCS or GC arm. The GCS regimen comprised gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2 ) and cisplatin (25 mg/m2 ) infusion on day 1 and 80 mg/m2 of S-1 on days 1-7 every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) and the secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), response rate (RR), and adverse events (AEs). This study is registered with Clinical trial identification: NCT02182778. RESULTS: Between July 2014 and February 2016, 246 patients were enrolled. The median OS and 1-year OS rate were 13.5 months and 59.4% in the GCS arm and 12.6 months and 53.7% in the GC arm, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 0.79, 90% confidence interval [CI]: 0.628-0.996; P = .046 [stratified log-rank test]). Median PFS was 7.4 months in the GCS arm and 5.5 months in the GC arm (HR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.577-0.970; P = .015). RR was 41.5% in the GCS arm and 15.0% in the GC arm. Grade 3 or worse AEs did not show significant differences between the two arms. CONCLUSIONS: GCS is the first regimen which demonstrated survival benefits as well as higher RR over GC in a randomized phase III trial and could be the new first-line standard chemotherapy for advanced BTC. To exploit the advantage of its high RR, GCS is now tested in the neoadjuvant setting in a randomized phase III trial for potentially resectable BTC.

Association between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the R3HCC1 gene and irinotecan toxicity.

OBJECTIVE: Irinotecan is a useful anticancer drug for colorectal cancer treatment. UGT1A1*28 and *6 gene polymorphisms are known risk factors for irinotecan-associated toxicity. However, severe adverse effects due to irinotecan have been observed even in patients who do not harbor UGT1A1*28 or *6. We investigated gene polymorphisms in the whole exome to identify useful biomarkers for irinotecan toxicity other than UGT1A. METHODS: A total of 178 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and 87 patients with pancreatic cancer were treated with FOLFIRI, FOLFOX, FOLFOXIRI, modified FOLFIRINOX, or gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel. Genome-wide screening was performed using whole-exome sequencing (WES), and validation analysis was performed using qPCR with a hydrolysis probe. RESULTS: Using WES after a doublet chemotherapy regimen comprising irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil (n = 15), seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as candidate biomarkers for irinotecan-associated toxicity of neutropenia. Among the seven SNPs, an SNP in R3H domain and coiled-coil containing 1 (R3HCC1; c.919G > A, rs2272761) showed a significant association with neutropenia (>grade 3) after doublet chemotherapy. Patients receiving irinotecan including triplet chemotherapy, FOLFOXIRI for mCRC (n = 23) or modified FOLFIRINOX for pancreatic cancer (n = 40), also showed significant linear trends between R3HCC1 polymorphism and neutropenia (p = 0.017 and 0.046, respectively). No significant association was observed in patients treated with irinotecan-free regimens, FOLFOX for mCRC (n = 66), and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel for pancreatic cancer (n = 47). CONCLUSION: Thus, an SNP in the R3HCC1 gene may be a useful biomarker for the toxicity of irinotecan-containing chemotherapy for mCRC and pancreatic cancer.